This is followed by an essay on the role of beavers ( Castor canadensis) in directing the flow of water in the northern landscapes. There is a discussion of how palynology has been used to study the sequence of plants as they moved into the area as the ice sheets moved north. Part I sets the stage for the evolution of the North Woods, describing how the ice sheets that once covered the northern half of North America created the landscape of the North Woods. Throughout the book are 15 beautiful black and white drawings done by the author. Many of the essays have been revised and expanded from earlier essays that he published in newsletters of the Voyageurs National Park Association, the Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness, and Minnesota Forests.
He describes them as essays based on the French word essayer, “to try” or “to attempt” as “an attempt to find some order in one’s world” (p. The book is composed of 5 parts, each with 3 to 5 essays built around the theme of the parts. I counted 16 references in which John Pastor was one of the authors. John Pastor, an ecologist and biology professor at the University of Minnesota at Duluth, has spent 30 years studying the North Woods. He emphasizes that each layer is not simply a separate layer instead, the layers are interconnected with respect to energy and nutrient flow, who eats whom, and how evolution continually works to shape these connections between the layers. The bottom layer starts with the formation of the North Woods and each successive layer builds upon the previous layer. In the preface of John Pastor’s book What Should a Clever Moose Eat? he describes his approach to the natural history of the North Woods as a “layer cake” (p. Species, however, do not exist in a vacuum.
Over time this included species of economic importance.
This is particularly true with respect to animals that our ancestors both hunted and feared. From the earliest ages of human evolution, we have been interested in the world around us. Ecology has its roots in natural history.
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